With regard to the privacy rule of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which of the following statements is correct with regard to the use or disclosure of Protected Health Information (PHI) in clinical research?

• A. A researcher may use or disclose PHI if the individual patient has provided verbal consent.
• B. If the data being used do not include the patient's name or health record number, no authorization or waiver is required.
• C. A researcher may use or disclose PHI if the individual patient has provided written authorization or if a Waiver has been obtained from an IRB.
• D. If the data are being used for preparatory research, no written authorization or waiver is required.

A pharmacotherapy specialist is contemplating Writing a case report on a suspected penicillin induced neutropenia in a patient who received intravenous penicillin G for treatment of infective endocarditis. The specialist has established a temporal relationship between the period of medication administration and the onset of neutropenia, and has excluded other potential causes of the adverse effect.
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in composing the case report?

• A. Describe the incidence, severity, and outcome of penicillin-induced neutropenia for the introduction section of the report.
• B. Generate ideas and wording for the patient case summary portion of the report.
• C. Collect all pertinent patient information, including past medical history, laboratory data, medication history, and consent.
• D. Perform a comprehensive literature search to identify existing literature describing neutropenia in penicillin-treated patients.

The results of a drug-use evaluation study by the P & T Committee reveal that 15 prescribers are using an antibiotic inappropriately. Which of the following is the most effective strategy for improving the drug therapy?

• A. Including the results of the study and educational material in a newsletter distributed to the medical staff
• B. Meeting in a seminar with the prescribers to review the results of the study
• C. Meeting individually with the prescribers to review the results of the study and review educational material
• D. Sending the prescriber's a letter with the results of the study and educational material

A 76-year-old man has his first visit with a pharmacotherapy specialist for the management of his anticoagulation. The patient states that he started warfarin last week as instructed by his physician. He is able to explain the reason that he was started on anticoagulation therapy.
During the interview, some of the specialist's questions go unanswered or are answered inappropriately. For example, when asked if he has had any bleeding, the patient states that his breathing is fine.
Which will most likely be a barrier to the effective education of this patient?

• A. Lack of readiness to change
• B. Ability to afford medication
• C. Hearing impairment
• D. Cultural differences

A patient with previously well-controlled diabetes is suspected to be nonadherent with medication and diet. During the patient's last visit, the pharmacy student attempt to review education materials. However, the patient said that he forgot his reading glasses and asked if he could read through the information when he got home?
Which of the following is the best course of action for the patient at his next visit?

• A. Provider the patient with additional materials to read at home.
• B. Ask the patient to follow up with his primary care provider.
• C. Ask the patient to read and interpret the instructions on a prescription label to evaluate literacy
• D. Admit the patient to the hospital to optimize the diabetes regimen